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FRIDAY, May 15, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Women who are single mothers before age 50 may be at increased risk for poor health later in life, according to a new study.

Any period of single motherhood before age 50 was associated with a greater risk of poor health and physical disability years later. The link was strongest among single mothers in the United States, England, Denmark and Sweden.

Overall, the highest risk of poor health and disability was among women who became single mothers before age 20, became single mothers due to divorce, parented alone for eight or more years, or had two or more children, the study found.

"The findings add to the growing recognition that single motherhood may have long-term health effects on mothers. As lone motherhood is on the rise in many countries, policies addressing health disadvantages of lone mothers may be essential to improving women's health and reducing disparities," wrote the researchers, led by Dr. Lisa Berkman, director of the Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies in Cambridge, Mass.

Although the study found a link between being single mothers and poorer health, it's important to note that it wasn't designed to prove a cause-and-effect relationship.

The study was published online recently in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health.

Researchers looked at data from more than 25,000 women 50 and older in the United States, England and 13 European countries. The women were surveyed about their marital status, children, overall health and their ability to do daily tasks.

One-third of U.S. mothers were single mothers before age 50. In England and Western European countries, 22 percent of women were single moms before 50. And just under 40 percent of women in Denmark and Sweden, and 10 percent of those in southern Europe were single mothers before age 50.

Single motherhood was defined as having a child younger than 18 and not being married.

Single mothers in all countries tended to be younger and poorer. In the United States and England, single mothers also tended to have less education.

The researchers said their findings suggest the need for wider access to birth control and policies that help single mothers remain in the workforce and help them balance work-family demands.

-- Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2015 HealthDay. All rights reserved.SOURCE: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, news release, May 14, 2015

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MedicationsSupplements and Vitamins home > health & living center > exercise & fitness a-z list > even in late life, exercise seems to pay dividends article

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THURSDAY, May 14, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- A little exercise late in life may help men live longer, new research from Norway suggests.

"Even in the elderly, there is a lot to gain by being moderately active as compared to being sedentary," said study lead author Ingar Holme, professor emeritus at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences in Oslo.

The study of older men found that increasing physical activity benefited life span as much as quitting smoking.

"Given the evidence, physical activity is probably an important factor in getting people to age successfully," Holme said. "But there are many things that we don't know in this field."

The research involved nearly 6,000 Norwegian men born from 1923 to 1932 who underwent a health check in 1972-1973 and again in 2000. Monitoring continued for almost 12 years.

Sedentary men said they spent a lot of time reading and/or watching TV. Moderate activity consisted of exercise, sports or heavy gardening for at least four hours a week, while vigorous activity involved hard training or competitive sports several times a week.

Through 2011 in the study, more than 2,000 men died. Holme said 51 percent of men who were sedentary in their 70s died from any cause, compared to about one-quarter of those who were moderately to vigorously active.

Just 30 minutes of moderate activity six days a week was associated with 40 percent lower risk of death, the researchers found. More exercise reaped even greater benefits, decreasing the odds of death from both heart disease or any cause, the researchers said.

Looking back further, men who were sedentary in their 40s lived five fewer years on average than those who were the most active.

The study doesn't take into account the risk of injury from exercise, or fully examine which might have come first, poor health or lack of exercise. Nor did it prove that regular exercise caused the men to live longer, just that there was an association between the two.

Nevertheless, one expert said the study fits in with previous research linking physical activity to better health and quality of life.

"While we may not fully understand all the mechanisms, we do know that exercise, especially as we age, is a critical component in preventing [mental] decline, lowering the risk for depression and other mental health challenges, maintaining muscle mass and function, enhancing cardiorespiratory fitness, increasing social interactions, maintaining balance and coordination, and reducing fall risk," said Brad Roy. He is executive director of the medical fitness center at Kalispell Regional Medical Center in Montana.

While the study says nothing about women, other research suggests they gain similar benefits, said Roy, who wasn't involved in the study.

Need help getting motivated?

Phillip Sparling, a professor emeritus in the School of Applied Physiology at Georgia Institute of Technology, offers some advice: "Select exercise activities you enjoy, set a regular time and routine, exercise with friends, consult a personal trainer, make a plan, keep a written record, and share goals with family and friends."

It's also important to consult a health professional before beginning any exercise plan.

The study appears May 14 in the British Journal of Sports Medicine..

Copyright © 2015 HealthDay. All rights reserved.SOURCES: Ingar Holme, D.Phil., professor emeritus, sports medicine department, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, and Center of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Brad Roy, Ph.D., executive director, Summit Medical Fitness Center, Kalispell Regional Medical Center, Kalispell, Mont.; Phillip Sparling, Ed.D., professor, School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta; May 14, 2015, British Journal of Sports Medicine

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Researchers suggest that women in certain countries who experience single motherhood between the ages of 16 and 49 may face an increased risk of disability and poor health in later life.
The study found that 1 in 3 women surveyed from the US had been a single mother before reaching the age of 50.

The study, published in the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, analyzed data from 15 different countries and found that the health risks appeared to be greatest for single mothers in the US, England, Denmark and Sweden.

According to the authors of the study, single motherhood is associated with an increased risk of multiple health problems, including adverse cardiovascular episodes, poor mental health and increased mortality.

While many studies have focused on the immediate associations between single motherhood and health, few have investigated how single motherhood during early and mid-adulthood impacts upon health in later life.

Additionally, very few studies have examined whether these associations between health and single motherhood are consistent across different countries. The authors were keen to address this issue on account of differences in how single motherhood is perceived across the world.

"Single motherhood is associated with poverty in most societies, but more so in the USA than in Europe," the authors explain. "This may lead to different mechanisms of selection into lone motherhood between countries. Particularly in Southern European countries, strong social and family networks may offset some negative effects of single motherhood."

For the study, the researchers analyzed data for 25,125 women aged over 50 who had participated in one of three nationally representative surveys. These were the Health and Retirement Study in the US, the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in England and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in 13 other European countries.

Each participant was asked questions about their childbearing and marital status, along with questions about their capacity for routine daily activities such as maintaining personal hygiene, and instrumental daily activities such as driving. All participants were also asked to rate their own overall health.

Participants were identified as single mothers in any year when they had children under the age of 18 and were not married. All participants were asked to report all children's birth or adoption dates, as well as specify the beginning and ending dates of any marriages.

Study findings may indicate 'cycles of disadvantage'

The researchers found that 1 in 3 women from the US surveyed had been a single mother before the age of 50. In comparison, around 1 in 5 women surveyed in England and West European countries, around 4 out of 10 surveyed in Denmark and Sweden and around 1 in 10 women in Southern Europe reported having been a single mother.

In every country, single mothers were frequently younger, had less money and were less likely to marry than women who remained married during motherhood. On average, single mothers from the US and England also had lower levels of education.

Women who had been single mothers for any period were more at risk of physical disability and poor health in later life in comparison with women who had raised children with a partner. This association was greatest among single mothers in the US, England, Denmark and Sweden.

The following women were at particular risk according to the study's findings:

Those who became single mothers before the age of 20Those who became single mothers through divorceThose who were single mothers for 8 or more yearsThose who raised two or more children.

According to the researchers, their findings could indicate selection and causation in "cycles of disadvantage." For example, the risk of single motherhood is increased by poverty, which may reflect previous health disadvantages.

"Being a lone mother may hamper women's abilities to gain education, accrue careers and accumulate income, also leading to poorer health," the authors add.

The existence of strong social support in certain countries may explain why the associations were not as strong in some geographic regions. The authors state that in regions such as Southern Europe, the cultural emphasis placed on family solidarity means that single motherhood is not associated with any increased health risks.

"Findings add to the growing recognition that single motherhood may have long-term health effects on mothers," conclude the authors.

"As prevalence of single motherhood is on the rise across the developed world, social policies that protect women in vulnerable family situations may help improve population health and reduce health disparities as women age."

Written by James McIntosh